Pedicle Screws

Now that the interbody spacer and bone graft is in place, the next step is to put in screws and rods to prevent that spacer from popping out by maintaining the position of the spinal bones while the bony healing is occurring.

This page shows how the screws and rods can be placed without making open incisions, but by using minimally invasive techniques and landmarks that can be seen on X-ray.

The screws that are placed are called “pedicle screws” since they go through a part of the vertebral bone called the pedicle, pictured here.

Here is an example of pedicle screws.  If these screws are placed too close to the midline, they can damage nerves.  If they are placed too far from the midline, they will miss the bone and have no fixation, and can also damage soft tissue structures.  There is a narrow margin of error for placement of these screws.

Placement of these pedicle screws is possible since the pedicle can be seen on the X-rays that can be taken in the operating room (fluoroscopy).

On this fluoroscopic front to back view (called an AP view), the pedicles can be seen outlined with a dotted black line. The needle is being introduced from the right.

On the side view (called lateral view), the top and bottom of the pedicle can be seen, with the needle pointed to enter the pedicle.

Note the metallic markers that can be seen within the spacer that was placed between the vertebral bodies at each level in this case.

Once the needle is placed, a guidewire can be passed through the needle. This wire marks a path for the screw to be placed into the spine bone in a safe manner, with minimal risk of injuring a nerve

The second wire is placed in a similar fashion.

After the wires are placed, the path for the screw is tapped, and then the screw can be safely advanced into the bone, with very little danger of injuring a nerve.

Also, as part of the preparation for passage of the screws, the tap, which creates the pathway for the screw threads, is stimulated with low level electric current. If the metal threads of the tap are too close to the nerves, the surgeon will be alerted and can change the screw position.

Once the screws are in place, a rod has to be passed to connect the screws.  There are various systems on the market, but the diagram here illustrates the Sextant System by Medtronic which allows the rod to be placed between the screw heads with only a small incision.

Here the Sextant is poised to deliver the rod to the screw heads. This action can be done through a small opening.

Here is the finished construct, AP (front to back) view. Note that the screws are in the pedicles, and the metallic markers in the interbody spacers show that these spacers are not too far to one side or the other.